Bütün kurallar tek sayfada

A ey · E i · I ay · J cey · G ci · Y uay · W dabılyu

🇹🇷 Kural

Heceleme yaparken harfin adını söyleriz, kelimedeki sesini değil. A, E, I harflerinin adları Türkçeden farklıdır: ey, i, ay.

🇬🇧 Rule

When you spell a word, say the letter names, not the sounds. The names of A, E, I are different from Turkish: “ey, i, ay”.

Örnekler · Examples

How do you spell your name? — A-L-I.— Adını nasıl hecelersin? — ey-el-ay.
Can you spell that, please?— Bunu heceler misiniz, lütfen?

Sık yapılan hata · Common mistake

❌ Ali → a – le – i

✅ Ali → ey – el – ay

💡 İpucu · Tip

Çift harf: double (“double L” = LL).

Two same letters: say double (“double L”).

Özne Zamirleri

Subject Pronouns (I, you, he, she…)

I · you · he · she · it · we · they

🇹🇷 Kural

İngilizcede her cümlenin bir öznesi olmalı. Türkçedeki gibi özneyi düşüremezsin. Şeyler, hayvanlar ve hava için it kullanılır.

🇬🇧 Rule

Every English sentence needs a subject. You can't drop it like in Turkish. Use it for things, animals and the weather.

Örnekler · Examples

I am tired.— Yorgunum.
It is cold today.— Bugün hava soğuk.
They are my friends.— Onlar benim arkadaşlarım.

Sık yapılan hata · Common mistake

❌ Am tired.

✅ I am tired.

💡 İpucu · Tip

Türkçedeki “o” üçe ayrılır: he (erkek), she (kadın), it (şey / hayvan).

Turkish “o” has three forms: he (man), she (woman), it (thing).

am / is / are — Olumlu Cümleler

Verb "to be": positive

I + amhe / she / it + isyou / we / they + are

🇹🇷 Kural

Cümlede başka fiil yoksa (isim, sıfat, yaş, yer, meslek) am / is / are kullanılır. Türkçedeki “-im, -sin, -dir” eklerinin karşılığıdır.

🇬🇧 Rule

When there is no other verb (with a noun, adjective, age, place or job), use am / is / are. It matches the Turkish endings “-im, -sin, -dir”.

Örnekler · Examples

She is happy.— O mutlu.
I am 12 years old.— 12 yaşındayım.
We are at school.— Okuldayız.

Sık yapılan hata · Common mistake

❌ I have 12 years.

✅ I am 12 years old.

💡 İpucu · Tip

Kısaltma: I'm, you're, he's, she's, it's, we're, they're.

Short forms: I'm, you're, he's, she's, it's, we're, they're.

am / is / are — Olumsuz ve Soru

Verb "to be": negatives & questions

S + am / is / are + notAm / Is / Are + S …?

🇹🇷 Kural

Olumsuz için am / is / are'dan sonra not gelir. Soru için am / is / are öznenin önüne geçer. do / does kullanılmaz.

🇬🇧 Rule

For the negative, put not after am / is / are. For a question, move am / is / are before the subject. Don't use do / does.

Örnekler · Examples

She isn't at school.— O okulda değil.
Are you hungry? — Yes, I am.— Aç mısın? — Evet.

Sık yapılan hata · Common mistake

❌ Do you are hungry?

✅ Are you hungry?

💡 İpucu · Tip

Kısa cevap: Yes, I am. (Yes, I'm ❌)

Short answers: Yes, I am. (not “Yes, I'm”)

a / an — Belirsiz Tanımlık

Articles: a / an

a + consonant soundan + vowel sound

🇹🇷 Kural

a / an sadece tekil ve sayılabilen isimle gelir (“bir”). Harfe değil, ilk sese bakılır: sesli ise an, sessiz ise a.

🇬🇧 Rule

a / an is used only with singular countable nouns (“one”). Look at the first sound, not the letter: vowel sound → an, consonant sound → a.

Örnekler · Examples

an apple, an hour— bir elma, bir saat
a university, a dog— bir üniversite, bir köpek
She is a teacher.— O bir öğretmen.

Sık yapılan hata · Common mistake

❌ She is teacher.

✅ She is a teacher.

💡 İpucu · Tip

Meslekten önce mutlaka a/an gelir.

Always use a/an before a job.

the — Belirli Tanımlık

The definite article: the

the + noun (both know which one)

🇹🇷 Kural

Konuşan ve dinleyen hangi şeyin kastedildiğini biliyorsa the kullanılır. İlk kez ve herhangi biri ise a/an, genel olarak bahsediliyorsa hiçbiri.

🇬🇧 Rule

Use the when the speaker and listener both know which one. First time / any one → a/an. Talking in general → no article.

Örnekler · Examples

I saw a dog. The dog was big.— Bir köpek gördüm. Köpek büyüktü.
Close the door, please.— Kapıyı kapat, lütfen.
I like cats.— Kedileri severim. (genel)

Sık yapılan hata · Common mistake

❌ I like the cats. (genel anlam)

✅ I like cats.

💡 İpucu · Tip

Tek olanlar: the sun, the moon, the world.

Only one in the world: the sun, the moon, the world.

this / that / these / those

Demonstratives

near: this (1) · these (2+)far: that (1) · those (2+)

🇹🇷 Kural

Önce mesafeye (yakın: this/these, uzak: that/those), sonra sayıya bak. Fiil de uyar: tekil → is, çoğul → are.

🇬🇧 Rule

First check distance (near: this/these, far: that/those), then number. The verb agrees: singular → is, plural → are.

Örnekler · Examples

This is my bag.— Bu benim çantam.
Those are my shoes.— Şunlar benim ayakkabılarım.

Sık yapılan hata · Common mistake

❌ These is my book.

✅ This is my book.

Temel Cümle Dizilişi

Basic word order (S + V + O)

Subject + Verb + Object (+ place + time)

🇹🇷 Kural

İngilizce cümle sırası Özne + Fiil + Nesne'dir. Fiil öznenin hemen arkasından gelir; Türkçedeki gibi sona gitmez. Yer ve zaman genellikle sona gelir.

🇬🇧 Rule

English word order is Subject + Verb + Object. The verb comes right after the subject, not at the end like in Turkish. Place and time usually go last.

Örnekler · Examples

I drink tea.— Ben çay içerim.
Ali reads books every day.— Ali her gün kitap okur.

Sık yapılan hata · Common mistake

❌ I tea drink.

✅ I drink tea.

A1Başlangıç16 konu

Geniş Zaman (Present Simple) — Olumlu
Geniş Zaman — Olumsuz ve Soru (do / does)
Sıklık Zarfları
Şimdiki Zaman (Present Continuous)
Geniş Zaman mı, Şimdiki Zaman mı?
have / has ve have got
İyelik Sıfatları ve Zamirleri
İyelik Eki: 's
Çoğul İsimler
Nesne Zamirleri
There is / There are
can / can't — Yetenek ve İzin
Soru Kelimeleri (Wh- Questions)
Yer Edatları
Zaman Edatları: in / on / at
Emir Cümleleri

Geniş Zaman (Present Simple) — Olumlu

Present Simple: positive

I / you / we / they + verbhe / she / it + verb-s / -es

🇹🇷 Kural

Alışkanlık, rutin ve genel doğrular için. Özne he / she / it ise fiile -s / -es eklenir; diğerlerinde fiil yalın kalır.

🇬🇧 Rule

For habits, routines and general facts. With he / she / it, add -s / -es to the verb; with the others, the verb stays in its base form.

Örnekler · Examples

I play football every day.— Her gün futbol oynarım.
She watches TV in the evening.— Akşamları televizyon izler.
Water boils at 100 degrees.— Su 100 derecede kaynar.

Sık yapılan hata · Common mistake

❌ She play tennis.

✅ She plays tennis.

💡 İpucu · Tip

-s, -sh, -ch, -x, -o → -es · sessiz + y → -ies · have → has

-s, -sh, -ch, -x, -o → -es · consonant + y → -ies · have → has

Geniş Zaman — Olumsuz ve Soru (do / does)

Present Simple: negatives & questions

S + don't / doesn't + verbDo / Does + S + verb …?

🇹🇷 Kural

Olumsuz ve soruda do / does yardımcı fiili gelir. does (he/she/it) kullanınca -s ondadır, ana fiil yalın kalır.

🇬🇧 Rule

Negatives and questions need do / does. When you use does (he/she/it), the -s moves to does and the main verb is in its base form.

Örnekler · Examples

She doesn't like coffee.— Kahve sevmez.
Do you speak English? — Yes, I do.— İngilizce konuşur musun? — Evet.
Where does he live?— Nerede yaşıyor?

Sık yapılan hata · Common mistake

❌ She doesn't likes coffee.

✅ She doesn't like coffee.

Sıklık Zarfları

Adverbs of frequency (always, usually, never…)

S + always / usually / often / sometimes / never + verbS + am / is / are + always …

🇹🇷 Kural

Sıklık zarfı normal fiilin önüne, ama am / is / are'ın arkasına gelir.

🇬🇧 Rule

Adverbs of frequency go before the main verb, but after am / is / are.

Örnekler · Examples

I often read books.— Sık sık kitap okurum.
He is usually tired.— Genellikle yorgundur.
She never drinks coffee.— Asla kahve içmez.

Sık yapılan hata · Common mistake

❌ I read often books.

✅ I often read books.

💡 İpucu · Tip

always %100 · usually %80 · often %60 · sometimes %40 · rarely %10 · never %0

always 100% · usually 80% · often 60% · sometimes 40% · rarely 10% · never 0%

Şimdiki Zaman (Present Continuous)

Present Continuous

S + am / is / are + verb-ing

🇹🇷 Kural

Şu anda süren eylem için. İki parça da gerekir: am/is/are (zaman ve kişi) + -ing (sürüyor).

🇬🇧 Rule

For an action happening now. You need both parts: am/is/are (time and person) + -ing (in progress).

Örnekler · Examples

She is reading a book now.— Şu an kitap okuyor.
Are you listening?— Dinliyor musun?
They aren't playing.— Oynamıyorlar.

Sık yapılan hata · Common mistake

❌ I reading a book.

✅ I am reading a book.

💡 İpucu · Tip

İpuçları: now, right now, at the moment, Look!, Listen!

Signal words: now, right now, at the moment, Look!, Listen!

Geniş Zaman mı, Şimdiki Zaman mı?

Present Simple vs Present Continuous

always / usually → Present Simplenow / these days (temporary) → Present Continuous

🇹🇷 Kural

Her zaman / genellikle olan şey → Present Simple. Şu anda ya da geçici olarak olan şey → Present Continuous.

🇬🇧 Rule

Things that happen always / usually → Present Simple. Things happening now or for a short time → Present Continuous.

Örnekler · Examples

He works in a bank.— Bankada çalışır. (kalıcı)
He is working from home this week.— Bu hafta evden çalışıyor. (geçici)

Sık yapılan hata · Common mistake

❌ I am knowing the answer.

✅ I know the answer.

💡 İpucu · Tip

know, like, love, want, need, understand genelde -ing almaz.

State verbs (know, like, love, want, need, understand) usually don't take -ing.

have / has ve have got

have / has / have got

S + have / has + nounS + have got / has got + noun

🇹🇷 Kural

Sahiplik için have / has ya da have got / has got. Olumsuz ve soruları farklıdır: doesn't have / Do you have? ama hasn't got / Have you got? Karıştırma.

🇬🇧 Rule

For possession use have / has or have got / has got. Their negatives and questions are different: doesn't have / Do you have? but hasn't got / Have you got? Don't mix them.

Örnekler · Examples

She has a cat. = She has got a cat.— Onun bir kedisi var.
Do you have a pen? / Have you got a pen?— Kalemin var mı?

Sık yapılan hata · Common mistake

❌ Do you have got a pen?

✅ Do you have a pen? / Have you got a pen?

İyelik Sıfatları ve Zamirleri

Possessive adjectives & pronouns (my / mine)

my / your / his / her / its / our / their + nounmine / yours / his / hers / ours / theirs (alone)

🇹🇷 Kural

İyelik sıfatı (my, your…) isimle birlikte gelir. İyelik zamiri (mine, yours…) ismin yerine geçer, yanında isim olmaz.

🇬🇧 Rule

Possessive adjectives (my, your…) come with a noun. Possessive pronouns (mine, yours…) replace the noun and stand alone.

Örnekler · Examples

This is my pen.— Bu benim kalemim.
This pen is mine.— Bu kalem benim.
Is that bag yours?— O çanta seninki mi?

Sık yapılan hata · Common mistake

❌ This is mine pen.

✅ This is my pen.

İyelik Eki: 's

Possessive 's (Ali's book)

owner + 's + thingplural owner (-s) + ' + thing

🇹🇷 Kural

Kişi ve hayvanlarda sahiplik: sahip + 's + şey. Sahip -s ile biten çoğul ise sadece ' eklenir.

🇬🇧 Rule

To show that something belongs to a person or animal: owner + 's + thing. If the owner is a plural ending in -s, add only '.

Örnekler · Examples

Ali's book— Ali'nin kitabı
my sister's room— kız kardeşimin odası
my parents' car— annemle babamın arabası

Sık yapılan hata · Common mistake

❌ the book of Ali

✅ Ali's book

💡 İpucu · Tip

Düzensiz çoğulda 's: children's, people's.

Irregular plurals take 's: children's, people's.

Çoğul İsimler

Plural nouns

noun + -s / -es / -iesirregular: man → men, child → children, person → people

🇹🇷 Kural

Birden fazla şey için isim çoğul olur. Türkçeden farklı olarak sayılardan ve many'den sonra da çoğul gelir.

🇬🇧 Rule

Use the plural for more than one. Unlike Turkish, use the plural after numbers and many too.

Örnekler · Examples

three apples— üç elma
two boxes, two babies— iki kutu, iki bebek
many people— birçok insan

Sık yapılan hata · Common mistake

❌ three apple

✅ three apples

💡 İpucu · Tip

Düzensizler: man–men, woman–women, child–children, foot–feet, tooth–teeth, mouse–mice

Irregular: man–men, woman–women, child–children, foot–feet, tooth–teeth, mouse–mice

Nesne Zamirleri

Object pronouns (me, him, her…)

verb / preposition + me · you · him · her · it · us · them

🇹🇷 Kural

Fiilden ve edattan sonra nesne zamiri gelir (me, him, us…). Fiilden önce özne zamiri gelir (I, he, we…).

🇬🇧 Rule

After a verb or a preposition, use an object pronoun (me, him, us…). Before the verb (as the subject), use a subject pronoun (I, he, we…).

Örnekler · Examples

She loves me.— Beni seviyor.
Come with us.— Bizimle gel.
I see them every day.— Onları her gün görüyorum.

Sık yapılan hata · Common mistake

❌ She loves I.

✅ She loves me.

There is / There are

There is + singular / uncountableThere are + plural

🇹🇷 Kural

Bir yerde bir şeyin var olduğunu söylemek için. Fiil arkadan gelen isme uyar. Olumsuz: there isn't / aren't; soru: Is there / Are there …?

🇬🇧 Rule

To say something exists somewhere. The verb agrees with the noun after it. Negative: there isn't / aren't; question: Is there / Are there …?

Örnekler · Examples

There is a bank near here.— Buralarda bir banka var.
There are three cats in the garden.— Bahçede üç kedi var.
Is there any milk?— Hiç süt var mı?

Sık yapılan hata · Common mistake

❌ It is a bank near here.

✅ There is a bank near here.

can / can't — Yetenek ve İzin

can / can't

S + can / can't + verbCan + S + verb …?

🇹🇷 Kural

Yetenek, izin ve rica için. can + yalın fiil; her özneyle aynıdır (-s almaz), to gelmez ve do / does kullanılmaz.

🇬🇧 Rule

For ability, permission and requests. can + base verb; it is the same for every subject (no -s), no to, and no do / does.

Örnekler · Examples

She can swim.— Yüzebilir.
I can't come today.— Bugün gelemem.
Can I open the window?— Pencereyi açabilir miyim?

Sık yapılan hata · Common mistake

❌ She cans to swim.

✅ She can swim.

Soru Kelimeleri (Wh- Questions)

Question words: what, where, when, who…

Wh- + do / does / am / is / are / can + S + verb …?

🇹🇷 Kural

Soru kelimesinden sonra yardımcı fiil, sonra özne, sonra ana fiil gelir. Yardımcı fiili unutma.

🇬🇧 Rule

After the question word comes the auxiliary, then the subject, then the main verb. Don't forget the auxiliary.

Örnekler · Examples

Where do you live?— Nerede yaşıyorsun?
What time does the film start?— Film saat kaçta başlıyor?
Who is your teacher?— Öğretmenin kim?

Sık yapılan hata · Common mistake

❌ Where you live?

✅ Where do you live?

💡 İpucu · Tip

what ne · where nerede · when ne zaman · who kim · why neden · how nasıl · how many/much kaç/ne kadar

what · where · when · who · why · how · how many / how much

Yer Edatları

Prepositions of place (in, on, under, next to…)

in (inside) · on (on a surface) · at (a point)under · next to · between · behind · in front of

🇹🇷 Kural

in = içinde, on = bir yüzeyin üstünde (değerek), at = belli bir nokta/yer (adres, durak, etkinlik).

🇬🇧 Rule

in = inside, on = on a surface (touching it), at = a point or place (address, stop, event).

Örnekler · Examples

The keys are in my bag.— Anahtarlar çantamda.
The picture is on the wall.— Resim duvarda.
I'm at the bus stop.— Otobüs durağındayım.

Sık yapılan hata · Common mistake

❌ The picture is in the wall.

✅ The picture is on the wall.

💡 İpucu · Tip

at home, at school, at work — “the” yok.

at home, at school, at work — no “the”.

Zaman Edatları: in / on / at

Prepositions of time

at + timeon + day / datein + month / year / season / part of the day

🇹🇷 Kural

at saat ve belli an, on gün ve tarih, in ay, yıl, mevsim ve gün bölümleri (in the morning).

🇬🇧 Rule

at for clock times and exact moments, on for days and dates, in for months, years, seasons and parts of the day (in the morning).

Örnekler · Examples

at 8 o'clock, at night— saat 8'de, gece
on Monday, on 15 May— pazartesi, 15 Mayıs'ta
in July, in 2025, in the morning— temmuzda, 2025'te, sabah

Sık yapılan hata · Common mistake

❌ in Monday

✅ on Monday

💡 İpucu · Tip

next / last / every / this ile edat yok: next week, every day.

No preposition before next / last / every / this: next week, every day.

Emir Cümleleri

Imperatives

Verb …!Don't + verb …!Let's + verb …

🇹🇷 Kural

Emir cümlesi yalın fiille başlar, özne (you) söylenmez. Olumsuzu Don't + fiil, birlikte öneri Let's + fiil. Kibarlık için please.

🇬🇧 Rule

An imperative starts with the base verb, with no subject. Negative: Don't + verb. Suggestion for us: Let's + verb. Add please to be polite.

Örnekler · Examples

Open the window, please.— Pencereyi aç, lütfen.
Don't run!— Koşma!
Let's go to the park.— Parka gidelim.

Sık yapılan hata · Common mistake

❌ No run!

✅ Don't run!

A2Temel16 konu

was / were — Geçmişte “olmak”
Geçmiş Zaman — Düzenli Fiiller
Geçmiş Zaman — Düzensiz Fiiller
Geçmiş Zaman — Olumsuz ve Soru (did)
Geçmişte Süren Zaman (Past Continuous)
Past Simple ve Past Continuous Birlikte
Gelecek Zaman: be going to
Gelecek Zaman: will
Gelecek Planları: Present Continuous, going to, will
Karşılaştırma Sıfatları (Comparatives)
En Üstünlük Sıfatları (Superlatives)
Sayılabilen ve Sayılamayan İsimler: some / any
much / many / a lot of / a few / a little
Durum Zarfları (-ly)
should / shouldn't — Tavsiye
have to / don't have to

was / were — Geçmişte “olmak”

Past of “to be”: was / were

I / he / she / it + wasyou / we / they + were

🇹🇷 Kural

Geçmişte be fiili (“-di”). Olumsuz: wasn't / weren't; soru: Was / Were + özne? — did kullanılmaz.

🇬🇧 Rule

The past of be. Negative: wasn't / weren't; question: Was / Were + subject? — don't use did.

Örnekler · Examples

I was tired yesterday.— Dün yorgundum.
They weren't at home.— Evde değillerdi.
Were you at school?— Okulda mıydın?

Sık yapılan hata · Common mistake

❌ Did you be at school?

✅ Were you at school?

Geçmiş Zaman — Düzenli Fiiller

Past Simple: regular verbs

S + verb-ed (same for every subject)

🇹🇷 Kural

Düzenli fiillerin geçmiş hâli fiil + -ed'dir; her özneyle aynıdır (he/she/it ile -s yok). Geçmişte bitmiş eylemler için.

🇬🇧 Rule

Regular verbs make the past with verb + -ed; it is the same for every subject (no -s with he/she/it). For finished actions in the past.

Örnekler · Examples

She played tennis yesterday.— Dün tenis oynadı.
I studied hard.— Çok çalıştım.
We stopped the car.— Arabayı durdurduk.

Sık yapılan hata · Common mistake

❌ I studyed hard.

✅ I studied hard.

💡 İpucu · Tip

Yazım: -e → -d (liked) · sessiz + y → -ied (studied) · kısa fiil → son harf çift (stopped)

Spelling: -e → -d (liked) · consonant + y → -ied (studied) · short verb → double the last letter (stopped)

Geçmiş Zaman — Düzensiz Fiiller

Past Simple: irregular verbs

S + V2 (go → went, see → saw, have → had …)

🇹🇷 Kural

Düzensiz fiiller -ed almaz; her birinin ezberlenecek bir V2 hâli vardır. V2 de her özneyle aynıdır.

🇬🇧 Rule

Irregular verbs don't take -ed; each has its own V2 form that you learn by heart. V2 is also the same for every subject.

Örnekler · Examples

We went to the beach.— Plaja gittik.
I saw a film last night.— Dün gece bir film izledim.
She had a sandwich.— Bir sandviç yedi.

Sık yapılan hata · Common mistake

❌ We goed to the beach.

✅ We went to the beach.

💡 İpucu · Tip

Sık V2'ler: go–went, come–came, eat–ate, buy–bought, make–made, take–took, get–got, see–saw

Common V2s: go–went, come–came, eat–ate, buy–bought, make–made, take–took, get–got, see–saw

Geçmiş Zaman — Olumsuz ve Soru (did)

Past Simple: negatives & questions

S + didn't + verbDid + S + verb …?

🇹🇷 Kural

Geçmişte olumsuz ve soru: didn't + yalın fiil, Did + özne + yalın fiil? Geçmiş bilgisi did'dedir, fiil yalın kalır. did her özneyle aynıdır.

🇬🇧 Rule

Past negative and question: didn't + base verb, Did + subject + base verb? The past is shown by did, so the main verb stays in its base form.

Örnekler · Examples

She didn't call me.— Beni aramadı.
Did you see the match? — Yes, I did.— Maçı gördün mü? — Evet.
Where did they go?— Nereye gittiler?

Sık yapılan hata · Common mistake

❌ Did you saw the match?

✅ Did you see the match?

Geçmişte Süren Zaman (Past Continuous)

Past Continuous

S + was / were + verb-ing

🇹🇷 Kural

Geçmişte belli bir anda süren eylem için (“-iyordu”).

🇬🇧 Rule

For an action that was in progress at a certain moment in the past.

Örnekler · Examples

At 8 p.m. we were watching TV.— Akşam 8'de televizyon izliyorduk.
What were you doing yesterday at noon?— Dün öğlen ne yapıyordun?

Sık yapılan hata · Common mistake

❌ At 8 p.m. we watched TV. (o anda sürüyordu)

✅ At 8 p.m. we were watching TV.

Past Simple ve Past Continuous Birlikte

Past Simple vs Past Continuous (when / while)

long action → Past Continuousshort action that interrupts → Past Simple

🇹🇷 Kural

Süren uzun olay → Past Continuous; onu kesen kısa olay → Past Simple. while genelde uzun olayın, when kısa olayın önüne gelir.

🇬🇧 Rule

The long action in progress → Past Continuous; the short action that interrupts it → Past Simple. while usually goes before the long action, when before the short one.

Örnekler · Examples

I was sleeping when the phone rang.— Telefon çaldığında uyuyordum.
While I was cooking, I cut my finger.— Yemek yaparken parmağımı kestim.

Sık yapılan hata · Common mistake

❌ I slept when the phone was ringing.

✅ I was sleeping when the phone rang.

Gelecek Zaman: be going to

Future: be going to

S + am / is / are + going to + verb

🇹🇷 Kural

Önceden verilmiş kararlar / planlar ve görünen kanıta dayalı tahminler için.

🇬🇧 Rule

For plans and decisions made before speaking, and predictions based on what you can see.

Örnekler · Examples

She is going to study law.— Hukuk okuyacak. (karar verdi)
Look at the clouds! It's going to rain.— Bulutlara bak! Yağmur yağacak.

Sık yapılan hata · Common mistake

❌ I going to visit my aunt.

✅ I am going to visit my aunt.

Gelecek Zaman: will

Future: will

S + will / won't + verbWill + S + verb …?

🇹🇷 Kural

Anlık kararlar, görüşe dayalı tahminler, teklifler ve sözler için. will her özneyle aynıdır; olumsuzu won't.

🇬🇧 Rule

For decisions made now, predictions based on opinion, offers and promises. will is the same for every subject; the negative is won't.

Örnekler · Examples

I'm thirsty. — I'll get you some water.— Susadım. — Sana su getiririm.
I think it will rain tomorrow.— Bence yarın yağmur yağacak.
I won't tell anyone. I promise.— Kimseye söylemeyeceğim. Söz.

Sık yapılan hata · Common mistake

❌ She will comes tomorrow.

✅ She will come tomorrow.

Gelecek Planları: Present Continuous, going to, will

Future arrangements & choosing a future form

fixed arrangement → Present Continuousintention → be going toinstant decision / prediction → willtimetable → Present Simple

🇹🇷 Kural

Takvime yazılmış kesin plan → Present Continuous; niyet → be going to; anlık karar ve tahmin → will; tarifeli olaylar → Present Simple.

🇬🇧 Rule

Fixed arrangement (in the diary) → Present Continuous; intention → be going to; instant decision or prediction → will; timetables → Present Simple.

Örnekler · Examples

I'm seeing the dentist at 3 tomorrow.— Yarın saat 3'te dişçiye gidiyorum.
I'm going to learn the guitar.— Gitar öğreneceğim. (niyetim)
The train leaves at 7:15.— Tren 7.15'te kalkıyor.

Sık yapılan hata · Common mistake

❌ The train will leave at 7:15 every day.

✅ The train leaves at 7:15.

Karşılaştırma Sıfatları (Comparatives)

Comparative adjectives

short adjective + -er + thanlong adjective: more + adjective + than

🇹🇷 Kural

Kısa sıfat (tek hece ya da -y ile biten) → -er + than. Uzun sıfat → more + sıfat + than. İkisi birlikte kullanılmaz.

🇬🇧 Rule

Short adjectives (one syllable or ending in -y) → -er + than. Long adjectives → more + adjective + than. Never use both together.

Örnekler · Examples

My brother is taller than me.— Erkek kardeşim benden uzun.
This test is easier than the last one.— Bu test öncekinden kolay.
Istanbul is more expensive than Konya.— İstanbul Konya'dan daha pahalı.

Sık yapılan hata · Common mistake

❌ more bigger than

✅ bigger than

💡 İpucu · Tip

Düzensiz: good → better, bad → worse, far → further

Irregular: good → better, bad → worse, far → further

En Üstünlük Sıfatları (Superlatives)

Superlative adjectives

the + short adjective + -estthe most + long adjective

🇹🇷 Kural

Bir grubun “en …”i için: kısa sıfat → the + -est, uzun sıfat → the most + sıfat. Neredeyse her zaman the gelir.

🇬🇧 Rule

For “the most … in a group”: short adjective → the + -est, long adjective → the most + adjective. You almost always need the.

Örnekler · Examples

She is the tallest girl in the class.— Sınıftaki en uzun kız o.
It's the most famous city in Turkey.— Türkiye'nin en ünlü şehri.

Sık yapılan hata · Common mistake

❌ the most tallest

✅ the tallest

💡 İpucu · Tip

Düzensiz: good → the best, bad → the worst

Irregular: good → the best, bad → the worst

Sayılabilen ve Sayılamayan İsimler: some / any

Countable & uncountable nouns, some / any

some → positiveany → negative / questionuncountable: no a/an, no plural

🇹🇷 Kural

Olumlu cümlede some, olumsuz ve soruda any. Sayılamayan isimler (water, milk, money, information) a/an almaz ve çoğul olmaz.

🇬🇧 Rule

Use some in positive sentences, any in negatives and questions. Uncountable nouns (water, milk, money, information) take no a/an and no plural.

Örnekler · Examples

There is some milk in the fridge.— Buzdolabında biraz süt var.
We don't have any bread.— Hiç ekmeğimiz yok.
Would you like some tea?— Biraz çay ister misin? (teklif → some)

Sık yapılan hata · Common mistake

❌ an information / informations

✅ some information

much / many / a lot of / a few / a little

Quantifiers

many / a few + plural countablemuch / a little + uncountablea lot of + both

🇹🇷 Kural

Sayılabilen çoğul → many / a few. Sayılamayan → much / a little. İkisi için → a lot of. Soruda: How many / How much.

🇬🇧 Rule

Plural countable nouns → many / a few. Uncountable nouns → much / a little. Both → a lot of. Questions: How many / How much.

Örnekler · Examples

How many books do you have?— Kaç kitabın var?
How much money is it?— Ne kadar para?
I have a lot of friends.— Çok arkadaşım var.

Sık yapılan hata · Common mistake

❌ How much books?

✅ How many books?

💡 İpucu · Tip

Olumlu cümlede much yerine genelde a lot of: I drink a lot of water.

In positive sentences use a lot of rather than much: I drink a lot of water.

Durum Zarfları (-ly)

Adverbs of manner

adjective + nounverb + adverb (adjective + -ly)

🇹🇷 Kural

İsmi anlatırken sıfat (a careful driver), fiili anlatırken zarf (he drives carefully). Zarf çoğunlukla sıfat + -ly'dir.

🇬🇧 Rule

Use an adjective to describe a noun (a careful driver) and an adverb to describe a verb (he drives carefully). Most adverbs are adjective + -ly.

Örnekler · Examples

He drives carefully.— Dikkatli araba sürer.
She speaks English well.— İngilizceyi iyi konuşur.
He runs fast.— Hızlı koşar.

Sık yapılan hata · Common mistake

❌ She speaks English good.

✅ She speaks English well.

💡 İpucu · Tip

Düzensiz: good → well, fast → fast, hard → hard

Irregular: good → well, fast → fast, hard → hard

should / shouldn't — Tavsiye

should / shouldn't (advice)

S + should / shouldn't + verbShould + S + verb …?

🇹🇷 Kural

Tavsiye için (“-meli, -malı” ama kibar). should + yalın fiil; her özneyle aynıdır, to gelmez.

🇬🇧 Rule

For advice. should + base verb; it is the same for every subject and there is no to.

Örnekler · Examples

You should see a doctor.— Doktora görünmelisin.
You shouldn't eat so much sugar.— Bu kadar şeker yememelisin.
What should I do?— Ne yapmalıyım?

Sık yapılan hata · Common mistake

❌ You should to see a doctor.

✅ You should see a doctor.

have to / don't have to

S + have to / has to + verbS + don't / doesn't have to + verb

🇹🇷 Kural

Zorunluluk: have to / has to. Gerek yok: don't / doesn't have to (yasak değil!). Normal fiil gibi do / does ile soru ve olumsuz yapılır.

🇬🇧 Rule

Obligation: have to / has to. No need: don't / doesn't have to (it is not forbidden!). Make questions and negatives with do / does, like a normal verb.

Örnekler · Examples

She has to wear a uniform.— Üniforma giymek zorunda.
You don't have to come.— Gelmek zorunda değilsin.
Do we have to pay?— Ödemek zorunda mıyız?

Sık yapılan hata · Common mistake

❌ She have to work.

✅ She has to work.

💡 İpucu · Tip

mustn't = yasak · don't have to = gerek yok

mustn't = it's forbidden · don't have to = it's not necessary

B1Orta16 konu

Present Perfect — Deneyimler (ever / never)
Present Perfect — just / already / yet
Present Perfect — for / since / How long
Present Perfect mi, Past Simple mı?
Present Perfect Continuous
used to — Geçmişteki Alışkanlıklar
Koşul Cümleleri: Type 0
Koşul Cümleleri: Type 1
Koşul Cümleleri: Type 2
Edilgen Yapı (Passive) — Geniş Zaman
Edilgen Yapı — Geçmiş ve Diğer Zamanlar
Sıfat Cümlecikleri (who / which / that / where / whose)
Olasılık: may / might / could
Çıkarım: must be / can't be
Soru Ekleri (Question Tags)
Fiil + -ing mi, to mu? (Verb Patterns)

Present Perfect — Deneyimler (ever / never)

Present Perfect: experiences

S + have / has + V3Have you ever + V3 …?

🇹🇷 Kural

Hayat deneyimleri için; ne zaman olduğu söylenmez. Zaman söylersen Past Simple kullanılır.

🇬🇧 Rule

For life experiences, without saying when. If you say when, use the Past Simple.

Örnekler · Examples

Have you ever been to Japan?— Hiç Japonya'ya gittin mi?
I've never eaten sushi.— Hiç suşi yemedim.
She has visited Paris twice.— Paris'i iki kez ziyaret etti.

Sık yapılan hata · Common mistake

❌ I have been to Rome in 2022.

✅ I went to Rome in 2022.

💡 İpucu · Tip

ever (hiç – soruda), never (hiç – olumsuz anlam), once, twice

ever (in questions), never, once, twice

Present Perfect — just / already / yet

Present Perfect: just, already, yet

have / has + just / already + V3… yet? / … not … yet

🇹🇷 Kural

just (az önce) ve already (çoktan) → have ile V3'ün arasına. yet (henüz / daha) → cümle sonuna, sadece olumsuz ve soruda.

🇬🇧 Rule

just and already go between have and V3. yet goes at the end, only in negatives and questions.

Örnekler · Examples

I've just finished my homework.— Ödevimi az önce bitirdim.
She has already left.— O çoktan gitti.
Has the bus arrived yet? — No, not yet.— Otobüs geldi mi? — Hayır, henüz değil.

Sık yapılan hata · Common mistake

❌ Has she yet left?

✅ Has she left yet?

Present Perfect — for / since / How long

Present Perfect with for and since

have / has + V3 + for + periodhave / has + V3 + since + starting pointHow long have you …?

🇹🇷 Kural

Geçmişte başlayıp hâlâ süren durumlar için. for + süre (5 years), since + başlangıç noktası (2015, Monday).

🇬🇧 Rule

For situations that started in the past and are still true. for + a period (5 years), since + a starting point (2015, Monday).

Örnekler · Examples

I have lived here for five years.— Beş yıldır burada yaşıyorum.
I've known her since 2015.— Onu 2015'ten beri tanıyorum.
How long have you had this phone?— Bu telefon ne zamandır sende?

Sık yapılan hata · Common mistake

❌ I live here for five years.

✅ I have lived here for five years.

Present Perfect mi, Past Simple mı?

Present Perfect vs Past Simple

finished time (yesterday, ago, last…) → Past Simpleno time / until now (ever, never, this week) → Present Perfect

🇹🇷 Kural

Zaman belli ve bitmiş (yesterday, in 2019, ago, last…) → Past Simple. Zaman söylenmemiş ya da dönem hâlâ sürüyor (ever, never, today, this week, so far) → Present Perfect.

🇬🇧 Rule

Finished, stated time (yesterday, in 2019, ago, last…) → Past Simple. No time given or a period that isn't over (ever, never, today, this week, so far) → Present Perfect.

Örnekler · Examples

I saw him yesterday.— Onu dün gördüm.
I've seen this film three times.— Bu filmi üç kez izledim.

Sık yapılan hata · Common mistake

❌ I have seen him yesterday.

✅ I saw him yesterday.

Present Perfect Continuous

S + have / has + been + verb-ing

🇹🇷 Kural

Geçmişte başlayıp şimdiye kadar süren eylemi ve süresini vurgular. Sonucu / sayıyı vurgulamak için Present Perfect Simple kullanılır.

🇬🇧 Rule

Stresses an action that has been going on until now and how long. To stress the result or how many, use the Present Perfect Simple.

Örnekler · Examples

I've been reading all day.— Bütün gün okuyorum. (süre)
I've read three books this week.— Bu hafta üç kitap okudum. (sonuç)
How long have you been waiting?— Ne zamandır bekliyorsun?

Sık yapılan hata · Common mistake

❌ I've been reading three books.

✅ I've read three books.

used to — Geçmişteki Alışkanlıklar

used to

S + used to + verbS + didn't use to + verbDid + S + use to …?

🇹🇷 Kural

Eskiden düzenli yapılan ama artık yapılmayan şeyler. Olumsuz ve soruda did olduğu için use to (d'siz) yazılır.

🇬🇧 Rule

Things you did regularly in the past but don't do any more. In negatives and questions, did is there, so write use to (no d).

Örnekler · Examples

I used to play outside every day.— Eskiden her gün dışarıda oynardım.
She didn't use to like vegetables.— Eskiden sebze sevmezdi.
Did you use to have long hair?— Eskiden saçın uzun muydu?

Sık yapılan hata · Common mistake

❌ I use to play outside. (geçmiş)

✅ I used to play outside.

Koşul Cümleleri: Type 0

Zero conditional

If + Present Simple, Present Simple

🇹🇷 Kural

Her zaman doğru olan sonuçlar (bilimsel gerçekler, kurallar) için iki tarafta da Present Simple. if yerine when de olur.

🇬🇧 Rule

For results that are always true (facts, rules), use the Present Simple in both parts. You can use when instead of if.

Örnekler · Examples

If you heat ice, it melts.— Buzu ısıtırsan erir.
When it rains, the grass gets wet.— Yağmur yağınca çimler ıslanır.

Sık yapılan hata · Common mistake

❌ If you will heat ice, it melts.

✅ If you heat ice, it melts.

Koşul Cümleleri: Type 1

First conditional

If + Present Simple, will + verb

🇹🇷 Kural

Gelecekte mümkün bir koşul ve sonucu. if (ve when, before, after, as soon as) sonrasında will kullanılmaz.

🇬🇧 Rule

A possible future condition and its result. Don't use will after if (or after when, before, after, as soon as).

Örnekler · Examples

If it rains, we will stay home.— Yağmur yağarsa evde kalacağız.
I'll call you when I arrive.— Varınca seni ararım.

Sık yapılan hata · Common mistake

❌ If it will rain, we will stay home.

✅ If it rains, we will stay home.

Koşul Cümleleri: Type 2

Second conditional

If + Past Simple, would + verb

🇹🇷 Kural

Hayali / gerçek dışı durumlar. Past Simple burada geçmişi değil, durumun gerçek olmadığını gösterir. Kibar ve resmi dilde If I were kullanılır.

🇬🇧 Rule

For imaginary or unreal situations. The Past Simple here doesn't mean the past; it shows the situation isn't real. Use If I were in careful English.

Örnekler · Examples

If I had time, I would help you.— Vaktim olsa sana yardım ederdim. (vaktim yok)
If I were you, I would apologise.— Senin yerinde olsam özür dilerdim.

Sık yapılan hata · Common mistake

❌ If I would have time, I would help.

✅ If I had time, I would help.

Edilgen Yapı (Passive) — Geniş Zaman

The passive: present simple

S + am / is / are + V3 (+ by …)

🇹🇷 Kural

Yapanın değil, yapılan şeyin önemli olduğu durumlarda edilgen yapı: be + V3. Fiil yeni özneye (yapılan şeye) uyar.

🇬🇧 Rule

Use the passive when the thing done matters more than who does it: be + V3. The verb agrees with the new subject.

Örnekler · Examples

Tea is grown in Rize.— Rize'de çay yetiştirilir.
These cars are made in Germany.— Bu arabalar Almanya'da yapılır.

Sık yapılan hata · Common mistake

❌ Tea is grow in Rize.

✅ Tea is grown in Rize.

Edilgen Yapı — Geçmiş ve Diğer Zamanlar

The passive: past and other forms

was / were + V3will be + V3has / have been + V3can / must be + V3

🇹🇷 Kural

Her zamanda formül aynıdır: be'nin o zamandaki hâli + V3. Değişen sadece be'dir; V3 hep aynı kalır.

🇬🇧 Rule

The formula is the same in every tense: be in that tense + V3. Only be changes; V3 stays the same.

Örnekler · Examples

It was built in 1900.— 1900'de inşa edildi.
It will be opened soon.— Yakında açılacak.
My bike has been stolen!— Bisikletim çalındı!

Sık yapılan hata · Common mistake

❌ It will opened soon.

✅ It will be opened soon.

Sıfat Cümlecikleri (who / which / that / where / whose)

Relative clauses

person → who · thing → which · both → thatplace → where · possession → whose

🇹🇷 Kural

İsmi tanımlayan yan cümle ismin hemen arkasından gelir. Yan cümlede ismi tekrar eden zamir kullanılmaz (it, him…).

🇬🇧 Rule

A relative clause comes right after the noun it describes. Don't repeat the noun with a pronoun (it, him…) inside the clause.

Örnekler · Examples

the man who lives next door— yan dairede oturan adam
the book that I read— okuduğum kitap
the town where I was born— doğduğum kasaba
the girl whose dog is lost— köpeği kaybolan kız

Sık yapılan hata · Common mistake

❌ the book that I read it

✅ the book that I read

Olasılık: may / might / could

Modals of possibility

S + may / might / could + verbS + may not / might not + verb

🇹🇷 Kural

Emin olmadığın olasılıklar için (“-ebilir”). Modal + yalın fiil; -s ve to gelmez. Olumsuz olasılık: may not / might not.

🇬🇧 Rule

For possibilities you aren't sure about. Modal + base verb; no -s and no to. Negative possibility: may not / might not.

Örnekler · Examples

It might rain later.— Sonra yağmur yağabilir.
She may come to the party.— Partiye gelebilir.
He might not know the answer.— Cevabı bilmiyor olabilir.

Sık yapılan hata · Common mistake

❌ It might rains.

✅ It might rain.

💡 İpucu · Tip

could not = olasılık değil, “imkânsız” anlamı verir.

couldn't means “impossible”, not “maybe not”.

Çıkarım: must be / can't be

Modals of deduction

must be → I'm sure it's truemight / could be → maybecan't be → I'm sure it's not true

🇹🇷 Kural

Kanıta dayalı çıkarım: must (kesin öyle), might / could (belki), can't (kesinlikle öyle değil). Olumsuz çıkarımda mustn't değil, can't.

🇬🇧 Rule

Deductions from evidence: must (I'm sure it's true), might / could (maybe), can't (I'm sure it's not true). For negative deductions use can't, not mustn't.

Örnekler · Examples

The lights are on. He must be at home.— Işıklar açık. Kesin evdedir.
He might be at the gym.— Spor salonunda olabilir.
That can't be Ali. He's in London.— O Ali olamaz. Londra'da.

Sık yapılan hata · Common mistake

❌ That mustn't be Ali.

✅ That can't be Ali.

Soru Ekleri (Question Tags)

Question tags

positive sentence, negative tag?negative sentence, positive tag?

🇹🇷 Kural

Olumlu cümle → olumsuz tag, olumsuz cümle → olumlu tag. Tag'de cümlenin yardımcı fiili ve öznenin zamiri; yardımcı fiil yoksa do / does / did.

🇬🇧 Rule

Positive sentence → negative tag; negative sentence → positive tag. Use the sentence's auxiliary and a pronoun; with no auxiliary, use do / does / did.

Örnekler · Examples

She is tired, isn't she?— Yorgun, değil mi?
You like coffee, don't you?— Kahve seversin, değil mi?
They didn't come, did they?— Gelmediler, değil mi?

Sık yapılan hata · Common mistake

❌ You like coffee, isn't it?

✅ You like coffee, don't you?

💡 İpucu · Tip

Özel: I am → aren't I? · Let's → shall we?

Special: I am → aren't I? · Let's → shall we?

Fiil + -ing mi, to mu? (Verb Patterns)

Verb patterns: -ing or to-infinitive